‘Switchable’ smart gel may pave way for next-gen drug delivery and sensing tech
Researchers create the first multi-responsive gel built from ‘foldamers’ – a discovery that could lead to smart sensors, switchable catalysts, and more.
University of Birmingham scientists have developed a new material that changes from a gel to a liquid-like state under ultraviolet light and can be rebuilt using heat or dismantled by acid.
Publishing their discovery in Journal of the American Chemical Society, the researchers set out how they created the first multi-responsive gel built from ‘foldamers’ – synthetic molecules that fold into defined shapes which can be assembled, disassembled and reassembled on demand.
Their discovery could ultimately help scientists design smart sensors, switchable catalysts, and materials that capture and release selected molecules on demand.
The material changes from a solid-like gel into a flowing, liquid-like state when exposed to ultraviolet light. Heating restores the gel, while acid provides a separate way to break down its molecular network.
Researchers from Birmingham’s School of Chemistry also converted the material into a water-containing hydrogel without disrupting the molecular connections that hold it together. The work brought together expertise in designing new gels, led by Dr Sarah Pike; supramolecular chemistry, led by Dr Chiara Arno; and atomic-level structure characterisation, led by Dr Dominik Kubicki.
Dr Sarah Pike said: “A very small change in molecular shape translates into a visible change in the whole material – demonstrating how carefully designed molecular components can give us control over the behaviour of a bulk gel.
“The research is at a fundamental stage, but the ability to programme more than one response into the same material could ultimately inform the design of smart sensors, switchable catalysts, and materials that capture and release selected molecules on demand.”
In the new material, helical foldamer molecules are joined by palladium ions, which act as four-way molecular connectors. Together, they form an extended network that traps liquid and gives the material its gel-like properties. Ultraviolet light changes the shape of light-sensitive units within the foldamers.
Although this change occurs at the scale of individual molecules, it is amplified across the network until the entire gel loses its solid-like structure, whilst heating allows the network to form again. Acid acts through a different mechanism, disrupting the connections between the foldamers and the palladium ions.
Dr Chiara Arno said: “Supramolecular materials are assembled using reversible interactions rather than permanent chemical bonds. That gives us an opportunity to create materials that are robust under normal conditions but can be reorganised or dismantled when we apply the right signal.
“We converted the material from an organic solvent-based gel into a hydrogel containing water, without disrupting its underlying structure. Hydrogels are widely used in biotechnology and medicine because they can hold large amounts of water while maintaining structural integrity.
“This represents a significant advance in building materials that behave more like biological systems by responding intelligently to their surroundings – for example, releasing drugs only when exposed to a specific trigger, such as changes in acidity within diseased tissue.”
The researchers used dynamic nuclear polarisation-enhanced solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (DNP NMR) to examine the gel at an atomic level. The sensitivity enhancement provided by DNP reduced an experiment that was estimated to require around seven years using conventional NMR to just 12 hours.
Dr Dominik Kubicki said: “Seeing a material change is only half the story. If we want to design better responsive gels, we need to know precisely how their molecular building blocks are connected. DNP NMR gave us that atomic-level picture in a material that is otherwise exceptionally difficult to study – allowing us to solve a major challenge in gel science.”
The research sits at the intersection of several globally important research areas including advanced materials, pharmaceutical sciences, and drug delivery. Future applications could include:
- Targeted drug delivery;
- Controlled release of therapeutic molecules;
- Biomedical materials;
- Smart sensing systems; and
- Catalysis and chemical manufacturing.
The work was supported by UKRI, the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, the Royal Society, the Royal Society of Chemistry, the Leverhulme Trust, and European research programmes. Specialist low-temperature DNP NMR infrastructure was accessed at the University of Gothenburg.





